![]() The Leviticus passages thus cover all the large land animals that naturally live in Canaan, except for primates, and equids ( horses, zebras, etc.), which are not mentioned in Leviticus as being either ritually clean or unclean, despite their importance in warfare and society, and their mention elsewhere in Leviticus. The Deuteronomic passages mention no further land beasts as being clean or unclean, seemingly suggesting that the status of the remaining land beasts can be extrapolated from the given rules.īy contrast, the Levitical rules later go on to add that all quadrupeds with paws should be considered ritually unclean, something not explicitly stated by the Deuteronomic passages the only quadrupeds with paws are the carnivorans ( dogs, wolves, cats, lions, hyenas, bears, etc.), and all carnivorans fall under this description. The traditional translation has been chamois, but the chamois has never naturally existed in Canaan neither is the giraffe naturally found in Canaan, and consequently the mouflon is considered the best remaining identification. ![]() The the'o this term, directly taken from the Masoretic Text, has traditionally been translated ambiguously.The yahmur this term, directly taken from the Masoretic Text, is ambiguously used by Arabs to refer to roe deer and to oryx.Unlike Leviticus 11:3-8, Deuteronomy 14:4-8 also explicitly names 10 animals considered ritually clean: Further clarification of this classification has been attempted by various authors, most recently by Rabbi Natan Slifkin, in a book, entitled The Camel, the Hare, and the Hyrax. While camels are actually not true ruminants they chew cud, and do not have a hoof at all, but rather toes with hoof-like toenails.Īlthough hares and coneys do not ruminate at all, they do usually re-ingest soft cecal pellets made of chewed plant material right after excretion for further bacterial digestion in their stomach and this serves the same purpose as rumination.Īlthough not ruminants, hyraxes have complex, multichambered stomachs that allow symbiotic bacteria to break down tough plant materials, though they do not regurgitate. The pig, for having cloven hooves without chewing the cud.The hare, for chewing the cud without having cloven hooves.The coney was an exclusively European animal, not present in Canaan, while the shapan was described by the Book of Proverbs as living on rocks like the hyrax, but unlike the coney.)
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